სტეინბეკის „მრისხანების მტევნები“

 გიგლა სარიშვილი _ მწერალი პუბლიცისტი, ივანე მაჩაბელისა და სხვა პრემიების ლაურეატი

ucxoeli mwerlis Semoqmedeba erovnuli literaturis SenaZenad iqceva erTaderTi gziT _ Targmanis meSveobiT. pirvel rigSi mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs kargi Targmani, uiSviaTes SemTxvevaSi ki _ kongenialuri.

upirvelesad pativi unda vceT da davafasoT kargi Targmanebi, radgan karg TargmanSi mTargmnelis patiosani, mZime, zogjer araadamianuri Sromis dvritaa Cadebuli da es erTi SexedviT usaxelo mTrgmnel-mSromeli kvalavs gzas kongenialuri Targmanisaken. xolo amgvari Targmani ki, rogorc cnobilia, erovnuli literaturis Sedevrebis gverdiT iWers adgils.

magram kargi Targmani gansakuTrebiT maSinaa mizan-miRweuli, roca karg mwerals vTargmniT. TvalsaCino amerikeli mwerlis jon stainbekis romani `mrisxanebis mtevnebi~ kargi wignia da kargadac aris Targmnili (wigni qarTulad Targmna beJan sivsivaZem). TargmanSi miRweulia mTavari _ mxatvruli sicxade. amerikeli gmirebi romanis kiTxvisas TandaTan Cveni maxlobel-mezoblebi xdebian, Cven TandaTan vxdebiT maTi Wir-varamis moziare da TanamgrZnobelni, maTi Wiri Cveni Wiria, maTi sixaruli _ Cveni sixaruli: gviyvars romanSi warmodgenili patiosani, guliTadi adamianebi, mSromeli amerikeli xalxi da gvZuls maTi Seuracxmyofelni _ iseve rogorc Cveni xalxis Seuracxmyofelni, gvZuls uxeSoba, adamianbis mimarT gulgriloba, gaumaZRroba, momxveWeloba. gvZuls saerTo saziaro siZulviliT.

gancdebi, emociebi, ganwyobilebebi, stainbekis romanis kiTxvisas rom aRiZvrian, Cven gveZleva beJan sivsivaZiseul TargmanSi.

swored Targmani asrulebs ucxo mweralsa da mis sxvaenovan mkiTxvels Soris keTilSobilur rols. me qa ar vgulisxmob inglisur enaze mkiTxvel specialistTa mcire jgufs da mxolod Cemi, rogorc mkiTxvelis damokidebulebas gamovxatav Targmanisadmi. me imis Tqma sulac ar minda, rom TiTqos specialistis azri saWiro ar iyos Targmanis Sefasebisas, magram, samwuxarod, umetes SemTxvevaSi specialisti Targmnili masalis dedanTan urTierTobis CarCoebiT ifargleba, mTargmnelobiTi samzareulos viwro kvadratSi iketeba da gverdze tovebs mTavars _ Targmanis literaturuli faseulobis av-kargs. arada, mxatvruli Targmanis Sefasebisas swored mxatvrul-literaturuli RirebulebiTi mxarea mTavari, Torem saredaqcio xasiaTis TiTo-orola uzustobas Tu gadaxvevas advilad eSveleba. Seucdomeli vin aris!

jon stainbeki mravali romanis, moTxrobisa Tu memuaruli xasiaTis nawarmoebTa avtoria. qarTulad Targmnilia misi mSvenieri romani `zamTari Cveni mRelvarebisa~ da TiTo-orola moTxroba: `mrisxanebis mtevnebi~ stainbekis SemoqmedebaSi mZafri socialuri maxvil-kveTebiT gamoirCeva. igi marto mamxilebeli ki ara _ bralmdebeli wignia. igi mrisxane, muqaris yvirilia yvelas mimarT, vinc Tavis gabatonebul mdgomareobas ubralo mSromel adamianTa Cagvra-yvlefisaTvis iyenebs. nawarmoebSi Semzarav suraTebadaa Calagebuli im adamianTa msuqani da xepre sifaTebi, romlebic mdgomareobas gauzuluqebia da maTken gamowvdil mSierTa gamxmar xelebs zizRiT iSoreben... daviwyniaT, rom am xelebma gaamdidres isini, magram daviwyniaT isic, rom am xelebs guTanTan erTad iaraRis xmarebac marjved SeuZlia.

mwerali romans safuZvlad udebs erT-erTi didi ekonomikuri krizisis periods amerikaSi (1936 w.). am avbedobis momswere-monawile Tavad iyo igi, rogorc mTargmneli SeniSnavs, `Jurnal `laifma~ stainbeks sTxova, gvalvisagan dazaralebul fermerTa mdgomareobaze narkvevi daewera. mwerali masalis asaRebad gaemgzavra, magram roca maT saSinel pirobebs gaecno, misive TqmiT, `daaviwyda, rom davalebit iyo gagzavnili... da iqve Caifiqra romani `mrisxanebis mtevnebi~. Semdeg nawarmoebze muSaobas Seudga, dasavleTidan ki moaxalSeneTa mdgomareobis sul ufro da ufro Semzaravi ambebi mosdioda, amis gamo erT-erT litereturul agents SeSfoTebiTY swers: `me Sida xeobebSi unda gavemgzavro. iq xuTi aTasi ojaxi SimSiliT ixoceba... me am saqmeSi Tavidanve Caverie da axla ueWvelad sakuTari TvaliT unda vnaxo, SevZleb Tu ara TavSi Cavcxo mkvlelebs...~

mwerlis am sityvebidan aSkarad Cans nawarmoebis Seqmnis mizani. mweralma Seqmna kidec es uzomod mrisxane wigni, egzom gamorCeuli socialur TematikaSi, stainbeki `mrisxanebis mtevnebis~ mxolod avtori ki ar aris, aramed erT-erTi mTavari moqmedi gmiria, romelic umweo adamianebis dasacavad `mkvlelebs~ aRsdgomia win, rom `TavSi Cascxos~ maT.

da miuxedavad yovelive zemoTqmulisa, `mrisxanebis mtevnebi~ ar aris mxolod da mxolod socialuri romani. rigiTi socialuri romanebi, umeteswilad socialur problemebTan erTad qrebian an mniSvnelobas sagrZnoblad hkargaven. stainbekis romanSi konkretul socialur garemosa da situacias SeumCnevlad, Zaldautaneblad eqsoveba zogadkacobriuli, waruvali sulieri Rirebulebani, romelnic bibliuri motivebiTaa Zirmomagrebuli. mTargmneli wignis bolosityvaobaSi aRniSnavs: `stainbekma biblia `mrisxanebis mtevnebis~ sisxlxorceul nawilad aqcia. romanSi xmianobs bibliuri mrisxaneba, bibliuri mwuxareba, bibliuri mgznebareba. biblia moxmobilia cxoivrebiseuli simarTlis beWeddasasmelad, orientirad adamianisa, meoxad adamianisa, bibliuri reminiscenciebis gareSe, saerTod, stainbvekis Semoqmedeba da, kerZod, `mrisxanebis mtevnebi~ axla warmoudgenelic aris, uamisod wigni bevr azrs, silamazesa da simarTles dahkargavda~.

da marTlac, rodesac mweralma isev imogzaura ukve materialurad gamdidrebul amerikaSi, misTvis zogadadamianuri sakiTxi isev ucvlel da maradsawuxar problemad darCa. aamaRla simdidrem adamiani? Tu piriqiT? civilizacias uzarmazari nabijebi gadaudgams, dovlaTi daxvavebula, xalxi SeZlebulad cxovrobs, magram yvelas awuxebs `SiSi, ukmayofileba da mousvenroba~.

`mrisxanebis mtevnebi~ didganzomilebianin romania, rogorc TematikiT, aseve gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis mravalnairobiT. Cemi azriT, zog SemTxvevaSi gamoricxuli ar unda iyos dostoevskis faruli gavlenac: adamianis tanjvaSi amaRleba, danaSaulis TviTSemecneba, personaJi qalis mistikur-misnuri egzaltacia da sxv. romani Zlier zemoqmedia da mravalnair fiqrs aRZravs mkiTxvelSi. sasiamovnoa, rom es Targmanis wyalobiT xorcieldeba, risTvisac uzarmazari Sromatevadi samuSao Cautarebia b. sivsivaZes, samagierod Sromas keTili nayofi gamouRia. TargmanSi arsad ar igrZnoba TviTmiznuri, akviatebuli stilizacia, riTac zogi mTargmneli ufro sakuTari meobis warmoCenas emsaxureba, vidre literaturis mizans, Targmanis Txroba bunebrivia, Zaldautanebeli. qarTul sityvier qsovilSi iZerweba adamianTa tipaJi, aRwerebi zustia, dialogebi sada, xalxurs miaxloebuli. msubuqi iumoris saburvelSi gamokrTis ubralod gadmocemuli siRrmiseuli azri. moviyvanoT Tundac erTi magaliTi, roca moZRvari keisi ase esaubrebe axalgazrda tom jouds:

`..._ roca wirvas Sevudgebodi, mlocvelebi imdenad aRigznebodnen, rom TavdaviwyebiT xtodnen, sxvadasxva xmaze laparakobdnen da SehRaRadebdnen zeciers... bolos arxSi vnaTlavdi da gons momyavda, xolo Semdeg ici, ras vSvrebodi? romelime gogonas balaxebSi gadaviyvandi da gverdiT mivuwvebodi.

joudma gaiRima, didi kbilebi gamoaCina da tuCebi moiloka.

_ amgvar gacxarebul wirvas araferi Seedreba gogoebis buCqebSi gadasatyueblad. TviTon gamomicdia~.

erTi SexedviT, ubralod, haiharad gadmosrolil dialogSi iSleba adamianur-sawyisiseuli fsiqo-panorama, sulisa da sxeulis maradiuli urTierTbrZola, zneobiTi iluzia da sxv.

magaliTebi Sors wagviyvanda. aqa-iq SegveZlo gaumarTavi, bundovani frazebis xsenebac, magram wignSi es iumdenad iSviaTia, rom buzis aqlemad qceva swored rom ara Rirs. wignis redaqtoria emzar kvitaiSvili.

wigni dastamba gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelom~.